Ƙa'idar Bishiyar Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙarƙashin Ƙaƙwalwa ita ce Waze ko MapQuest na cibiyoyin sadarwar Ethernet na zamani, yana jagorantar zirga-zirga tare da hanya mafi inganci dangane da yanayi na ainihi.
Dangane da wani algorithm wanda masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta ɗan Amurka Radia Perlman ya ƙirƙira yayin da take aiki da Kamfanin Kayan Aiki na Dijital (DEC) a cikin 1985, babban manufar Bishiyar Bishiyar ita ce ta hana hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da karkatar da hanyoyin sadarwa cikin hadaddun tsarin cibiyar sadarwa. A matsayin aikin na biyu, Bishiyar Spanning na iya kewaya fakiti a kusa da wuraren matsala don tabbatar da cewa sadarwa ta sami damar yin iska ta hanyar cibiyoyin sadarwa waɗanda za su iya fuskantar rushewa.
Dabbobin Bishiyoyi da Topology vs. Ring topology
Lokacin da ƙungiyoyi ke fara haɗa kwamfutocin su a cikin 1980s, ɗaya daga cikin mafi shaharar saiti shine hanyar sadarwa ta zobe. Misali, IBM ta gabatar da fasahar Token Ring ta mallaka a cikin 1985.
A cikin tsarin sadarwa na zobe, kowane kumburi yana haɗawa da wasu biyu, ɗaya wanda ke gaba da shi akan zoben da kuma wanda yake a bayansa. Alamomi suna kewaya zoben ne kawai a hanya guda, tare da kowane kumburi a kan hanya yana ba da kowane fakitin madauki a kusa da zoben.
Yayin da hanyoyin sadarwar zobe masu sauƙi suna aiki da kyau lokacin da ƙananan kwamfutoci kaɗan ne kawai, zoben suna zama marasa inganci lokacin da aka ƙara ɗaruruwa ko dubban na'urori zuwa hanyar sadarwa. Kwamfuta na iya buƙatar aika fakiti ta ɗaruruwan nodes kawai don raba bayanai tare da wani tsarin a cikin daki kusa. Bandwidth da kayan aiki suma suna zama matsala lokacin da zirga-zirga ke gudana ta hanya ɗaya kawai, ba tare da wani tsarin ajiya ba idan kumburin da ke kan hanya ya karye ko cunkoso.
A cikin 90s, yayin da Ethernet ya sami sauri (100Mbit / s. Fast Ethernet An gabatar da shi a cikin 1995) kuma farashin hanyar sadarwa na Ethernet (bridges, switches, cabling) ya zama mai rahusa fiye da Token Ring, Spanning Tree ya lashe LAN topology wars da Token Ringing yayi da sauri ya fice.
Yadda Fadin Bishiyar ke Aiki
Bishiyoyin Spanning ƙa'idar isarwa ce don fakitin bayanai. Wani bangare ne na dan sandan zirga-zirga da kuma injiniyan farar hula na manyan hanyoyin sadarwar da bayanai ke bi. Yana zaune ne a Layer 2 (Layer link Layer), don haka kawai abin damuwa ne game da matsar da fakiti zuwa inda suka dace, ba irin fakitin da ake aikawa ba, ko bayanan da ke cikin su.
Bishiyar da ke daɗaɗawa ta zama ta ko'ina har an ayyana amfani da ita a cikinIEEE 802.1D daidaitaccen hanyar sadarwa. Kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin ma'auni, hanya ɗaya kawai mai aiki zata iya kasancewa tsakanin kowane maki biyu ko tashoshi domin su yi aiki yadda ya kamata.
An ƙera Bishiyar Ƙarfafawa don kawar da yiwuwar cewa bayanan da ke wucewa tsakanin sassan cibiyar sadarwa za su makale a cikin madauki. Gabaɗaya, madaukai suna rikitar da algorithm na isar da saƙon da aka sanya a cikin na'urorin cibiyar sadarwa, ta yadda na'urar ta daina sanin inda ake aika fakiti. Wannan na iya haifar da kwafin firam ko tura fakitin kwafin zuwa wurare da yawa. Ana iya maimaita saƙonni. Sadarwa na iya komawa ga mai aikawa. Yana iya ma lalata hanyar sadarwa idan madaukai da yawa sun fara faruwa, suna cinye bandwidth ba tare da wata fa'ida mai fa'ida ba yayin da suke toshe sauran hanyoyin da ba su da tushe daga shiga.
Yarjejeniyar Bishiyar Tafiyayana dakatar da madaukai daga kafawata hanyar rufe duk sai dai hanya ɗaya mai yuwuwa ga kowane fakitin bayanai. Masu sauyawa a hanyar sadarwa suna amfani da Bishiyar Tsaya don ayyana tushen hanyoyi da gadoji inda bayanai za su iya tafiya, da kuma rufe ayyukan kwafi, suna sa su zama marasa aiki kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba yayin da babbar hanyar ke akwai.
Sakamakon shi ne cewa sadarwar sadarwar tana gudana ba tare da la'akari da yadda cibiyar sadarwa ta kasance mai rikitarwa ko girmanta ba. Ta wata hanya, Bishiyar Spanning tana ƙirƙirar hanyoyi guda ɗaya ta hanyar hanyar sadarwa don bayanai don tafiya ta amfani da software kamar yadda injiniyoyin cibiyar sadarwa suka yi ta amfani da kayan masarufi akan tsoffin hanyoyin sadarwa.
Ƙarin Fa'idodin Faɗar Itace
Babban dalilin da ya sa ake amfani da Bishiyar Ƙaƙwalwa shine don kawar da yuwuwar kewaya madaukai a cikin hanyar sadarwa. Amma akwai sauran fa'idodi kuma.
Saboda Bishiyar Spanning koyaushe tana nema da kuma bayyana waɗanne hanyoyin sadarwar da ke akwai don fakitin bayanai don tafiya, tana iya gano idan kumburin da ke zaune a ɗayan waɗannan hanyoyin farko ya lalace. Wannan na iya faruwa saboda dalilai daban-daban tun daga gazawar hardware zuwa sabon tsarin hanyar sadarwa. Yana iya ma zama yanayi na wucin gadi dangane da bandwidth ko wasu dalilai.
Lokacin da Bishiyar Spanning ta gano cewa hanyar farko ba ta aiki, zai iya sauri buɗe wata hanyar da aka rufe a baya. Sannan zai iya aika bayanai a kusa da wurin da aka samu matsala, a ƙarshe yana zayyana madaidaicin a matsayin sabuwar hanyar farko, ko aika fakiti zuwa gada ta asali idan ta sake samuwa.
Duk da yake asalin Bishiyar Ƙarfafawa ta kasance cikin sauri wajen yin waɗannan sabbin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa kamar yadda ake buƙata, a cikin 2001 IEEE ta gabatar da ka'idar Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP). Hakanan ana kiranta da sigar 802.1w na yarjejeniya, RSTP an ƙera shi don samar da murmurewa cikin sauri don mayar da martani ga canje-canjen hanyar sadarwa, ɓarkewar ɗan lokaci ko gazawar abubuwan haɗin gwiwa.
Kuma yayin da RSTP ya gabatar da sabbin halayen haɗin kai da ayyukan gada ta tashar jiragen ruwa don haɓaka aikin, an kuma ƙera shi don zama gabaɗaya gabaɗaya mai dacewa da asalin Bishiyar Tafiya. Don haka yana yiwuwa na'urori masu nau'ikan ƙa'idar guda biyu suyi aiki tare akan hanyar sadarwa ɗaya.
Karancin Bishiyar Tafiya
Yayin da itacen bishiya ta zama ruwan dare a cikin shekaru masu yawa bayan gabatarwar ta, akwai masu jayayya cewa ita ce.lokaci ya yi. Babban Laifin Bishiyar Bishiyar ita ce tana rufe madaukai masu yuwuwa a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar rufe hanyoyin da za a iya tafiya. A cikin kowace hanyar sadarwa da aka bayar ta amfani da Bishiyar Tsaya, kusan kashi 40% na yuwuwar hanyoyin sadarwar an rufe su zuwa bayanai.
A cikin mahalli masu sarƙaƙƙiya, kamar waɗanda aka samo a cikin cibiyoyin bayanai, ikon haɓaka da sauri don biyan buƙatu yana da mahimmanci. Ba tare da iyakancewar bishiyar Spanning ba, cibiyoyin bayanai na iya buɗe ƙarin bandwidth mai yawa ba tare da buƙatar ƙarin kayan aikin sadarwar ba. Wannan wani nau'in yanayi ne na ban mamaki, domin hadaddun mahallin sadarwar shine dalilin da ya sa aka kirkiro Bishiyar Spanning. Kuma a yanzu kariyar da ka'idar ta bayar game da looping ita ce, ta wata hanya, tana hana waɗancan muhallin baya daga cikakkiyar damarsu.
An ɓullo da ingantaccen sigar ƙa'idar da ake kira Multiple-Instance Spanning Tree (MSTP) don yin amfani da LANs na kama-da-wane da ba da damar ƙarin hanyoyin sadarwa don buɗewa a lokaci guda, yayin da har yanzu ke hana madaukai daga kafa. Amma ko da MSTP, ƴan yuwuwar hanyoyin bayanai sun kasance a rufe akan kowace hanyar sadarwa da ke amfani da ƙa'idar.
An yi yunƙuri marasa daidaituwa da yawa, masu zaman kansu don inganta ƙuntatawa na bandwidth na Bishiyar Tafiya tsawon shekaru. Duk da yake masu zanen wasu daga cikinsu sun yi iƙirarin samun nasara a ƙoƙarinsu, yawancin ba su dace da ainihin ƙa'idar ba, ma'ana ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar ko dai suyi amfani da sauye-sauye marasa daidaituwa akan dukkan na'urorin su ko kuma nemo wata hanyar da za ta ba su damar wanzuwa tare da. ya canza yana gudana daidaitaccen Bishiyar Tsaya. A mafi yawan lokuta, farashin kiyayewa da goyan bayan ɗanɗano da yawa na Bishiyar Tafiya ba su cancanci ƙoƙarin ba.
Shin Itace Mai Fadawa Za Ta Ci Gaba A Gaba?
Baya ga iyakancewa a cikin bandwidth saboda Spanning Tree rufe hanyoyin sadarwar, babu wani tunani ko ƙoƙarin da ake yi don maye gurbin ƙa'idar. Ko da yake IEEE yana fitar da sabuntawa lokaci-lokaci don gwadawa da inganta shi, koyaushe suna komawa baya masu dacewa da nau'ikan ƙa'idar.
A wata ma'ana, Bishiyar Spanning tana bin ka'idar "Idan ba ta karye ba, kar a gyara ta." Itacen Bishiyar tana gudanar da kanta a bayan mafi yawan cibiyoyin sadarwa don kiyaye zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, hana madaukai masu haifar da haɗari daga kafa, da sarrafa zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a wuraren da ke da matsala ta yadda masu amfani da ƙarshen ba su taɓa sanin ko hanyar sadarwar su ta sami ɓarna na ɗan lokaci a matsayin wani ɓangare na rana-zuwa- ayyukan rana. A halin yanzu, a bayan baya, masu gudanarwa na iya ƙara sabbin na'urori zuwa cibiyoyin sadarwar su ba tare da yin la'akari da yawa ba game da ko za su iya sadarwa tare da sauran hanyar sadarwar ko kuma waje.
Saboda duk wannan, da alama itacen Spanning zai ci gaba da amfani da shi na shekaru masu zuwa. Akwai yuwuwar samun wasu ƙananan sabuntawa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, amma ainihin ka'idar Tsarin Bishiyar Bishiyoyi da duk mahimman fasalulluka da yake aiwatarwa tabbas suna nan don tsayawa.
Lokacin aikawa: Nuwamba-07-2023
